Observation (CEACR) - adopted 2019, published 109th ILC session (2021)

Repetition

Articles 1 and 2 of the Convention. Equal remuneration for work of equal value. Legislation. The Committee previously noted that while some of the provisions of the Labour Law (namely sections 8, 9(1), 59(4) and 93) read together provided some protection against discrimination based on sex with respect to remuneration, they did not reflect fully the principle of the Convention. The Committee takes note of the Government’s indication, in its report, that the Tripartite Consultative Committee is still engaged in the revision process of the Labour Law with a view to ensuring greater conformity with the provisions of the Convention. The Committee wishes to point out that the concept of “work of equal value” lies at the heart of the fundamental right of equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value as it permits a broad scope of comparison, including, but going beyond equal remuneration for “equal”, “the same” or “similar” work, and also encompasses work that is of an entirely different nature, which is nevertheless of equal value (see 2012 General Survey on the fundamental Conventions, paragraph 673). The Committee requests the Government to continue to provide information on the activities and recommendations of the Tripartite Consultative Committee concerning the revision of the Labour Law, and trusts that in the near future its national legislation will explicitly give full legislative expression and effect to the principle of equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value set out in the Convention.

Gender pay gap. The Committee welcomes the statistics provided by the Government and notes that, according to the Afghanistan Living Conditions Survey (ALCS) for 2013–14, women’s average monthly wages were lower than those of men in all job categories, except in the public sector. Men were earning on average 30 per cent more than women in the same occupation and up to three and a half times more than women in the agriculture and forestry sector, where women represented two-thirds of the workforce. The Committee notes that, according to the ALCS for 2016–17, the situation of women has deteriorated as the labour force participation rate of women decreased from 29 per cent in 2014 to 26.8 per cent in 2017, and remained far lower than the labour force participation of men (80.6 per cent in 2017). Moreover, more women than men were in a vulnerable employment situation (89.9 per cent of women compared to 77.5 per cent of men). The Committee regrets that the ALCS for 2016–17 does not contain any more information on the gender pay gap. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the measures taken to reduce the gender pay gap and identify and address its underlying causes, as well as on the results achieved in this regard. Recalling the importance of the regular collection of statistics in order to undertake an assessment of the nature, extent and evolution of the gender pay gap, the Committee requests the Government to provide updated information on the earnings of men and women disaggregated by economic activity and occupation, both in the private and public sectors, as well as any available statistics or analysis on the gender pay gap.

Article 3. Objective appraisal of jobs. Civil service. Referring to its previous comments, the Committee takes note of the salary scale annexed to the Civil Servants Law, 2008, according to which salaries are determined by reference to grades and steps. It notes that section 8 of the Law refers to the criteria used to determine employment grades according to diploma, skills and work experience. The Committee notes from the data of the national Central Statistics Organization that in 2016 women represented 22.5 per cent of all public sector employees, but only 7.5 per cent of those were placed in the third grade or higher position. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the practical application of section 8 of the Civil Servants Law, 2008, including on the methods and factors used to classify jobs under the different grades in order to ensure that tasks mainly performed by women are not being undervalued in comparison to the tasks traditionally performed by men. The Committee further requests the Government to provide information on the distribution of men and women in the various categories and positions of the civil service with their corresponding levels of earnings.

Article 4. Awareness-raising activities. Cooperation with employers’ and workers’ organizations. The Committee notes the Government’s indication that public information campaigns and activities to raise awareness about the principle of the Convention, particularly among employers’ and workers’ organizations, have been continued, some of which with the assistance of the ILO. The Committee requests the Government to continue to provide information on awareness-raising activities carried out to promote the principle of the Convention, and to indicate whether any cooperation or joint activities have been undertaken together with the employers’ and workers’ organizations. The Committee also requests the Government to specify whether, as a result of the awareness-raising activities already implemented, the principle of the Convention has been effectively addressed by the social partners in collective agreements and, if so, to provide information in this respect, including copies of the relevant provisions.

Enforcement. The Committee notes that, in the National Labour Policy for 2017–20, the Government recognizes laxity in the enforcement of labour-related legislation and indicates that periodic inspections will be conducted to reveal quality of compliance, as well as gaps in compliance for which appropriate actions would be taken against defaulting employers. The Committee further notes that, in its last concluding observations, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) expressed concern at the fact that decisions of informal justice mechanisms are discriminatory against women and undermine the implementation of existing legislation, and recommended that women’s accessibility to the formal justice system be enhanced (CEDAW/C/AFG/CO/1-2, 30 July 2013, paragraphs 14 and 15). The Committee requests the Government to provide information as to the steps taken to ensure stricter enforcement of labour legislation as regards the application of the Convention. In particular, the Committee requests information regarding compliance with the requirements of the Convention, including the level of compliance and the identification of gaps in compliance, as well as any actions taken against defaulting employers. The Committee further requests the Government to provide information on any measures taken or envisaged to enhance women’s accessibility to the formal justice system, as well as on any complaints made with regard to the principle of the Convention dealt with by the courts or any other competent authorities, including information on sanctions and remedies provided.